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发表于 2004-12-5 21:32:48
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Knoppix Remastering Howto
Translations:
* German Version: KnoppixRemasteringHowtoDeutsch
* Spanish Version: KnoppixRemasteringHowtoSpanish en espa?ol
See also :
* If you want to add a custom kernel, check out the KnoppixCustomKernelHowto
* There also a guide at O'Reilly on the same topic : httpUsing and Customizing Knoppix
This is a guide that will show you how to remaster KNOPPIX
(Notes : commands should appear on one line, so please maximize the window. If you have any comments/suggestions please post below.)
You may wish to start from an already customized Knoppix, so you don't have to do as much work (such as removing programs). If so, see KnoppixCustomizations.
System Requirements:
* CD-ISO
o at least 1 GB of FREE RAM+Swap total (e.g. 256M ram, and 750M swap AVAILABLE) (unless you use a different compression program - look in this page for compressloop)
o 3 GB free on a Linux filesystem (ext2/3, xfs, etc.) formatted disk partition
* DVD-ISO
o 5 GB free RAM + swap (for fullsized DVD)
o 15 GB free on a Linux filesystem (ext2/3, xfs, etc.) formatted disk partition
Instructions:
1. Boot from the Knoppix CD
2. Open a root shell:
* Menu: Kmenu->Knoppix->Root Shell
* Note: All commands below are run from this root shell.
3. Configure your Internet connection (we'll need this later). If you use DHCP, it should already be configured.
* Note: Run ifconfig to check.
4. Find the partition you will use to work on. In this example it is called hda1 . The partition should have a minimum of 3 GB free space
5. Mount the partition:
* mount -rw /dev/hda1 /mnt/hda1
* Note: Make sure that it is read/write or you will get errors when you later chroot. To check: run mount
6. Create a root directory to work in:
* mkdir /mnt/hda1/knx
* If you put all your files here and it will be easy to clean up
7. If you don't have 1 GB RAM (cat /proc/meminfo (physical+swap)) then you will need a swapfile:
* cd /mnt/hda1/knx ; dd if=/dev/zero of=swapfile bs=1M count=750 ; mkswap swapfile ; swapon swapfile
8. Make 2 directories, one for your new Master CD, one for the source, on a disk partition. Also, make additional directories under these named KNOPPIX:
* mkdir -p /mnt/hda1/knx/master/KNOPPIX
* mkdir -p /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX
9. Now, copy the KNOPPIX files to your source directory :
* cp -Rp /KNOPPIX/* /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX &
* Note: This will take a little while
10. Copy the main HTML page for the startup page:
* cp /cdrom/index.html /mnt/hda1/knx/master/
11. Copy everything necessary files except the ~700 Mb KNOPPIX file.
* < 3.4: cd /cdrom/KNOPPIX;find . -size -10000k -type f -exec cp -p --parents {} /mnt/hda1/knx/master/KNOPPIX/ \;
* 3.4: cd /cdrom;find . -size -10000k -type f -exec cp -p --parents {} /mnt/hda1/knx/master/ \;
12. Now you can "chroot" into the copied KNOPPIX:
* chroot /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX
If you get a whole lot of /dev/null permission deniederrors, you should do the following. This can happen if you save your Knoppix configure data to the same partition that you are using here, AND if you start with Knoppix with knoppix home=scan.
Check your mount status if you met the problem: mount /dev/hdaX on /mnt/hdaX type ext3 (rw,nosuid,nodev) (replace X with your partiton number ) where "nodev" means that you are not accessible on mounted filesystem and you can not access /dev/null. And some scripts get output redirect to /dev/null... To solve this you should mount the target partition before you do chroot like this:
^d # control+d will exit the chroot
mount /dev/hda1 /mnt/hda1
You should then see:
mount /dev/hda1 on /mnt/hda1 type ext3 (rw)
If the /dev/null warnings persist then before the chroot do :
mount --bind /dev /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX/dev
You have to umount /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX/dev before building the CD image or your /dev directory on the CD will be messed up!
then you can carry on and chroot.
* You are now chrooted. "/" is actually "/mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX"
* To use the internet you need to mount proc mount -t proc /proc proc
* You must do this step before you chroot: now edit /etc/resolv.conf and add your nameserver or cp /etc/dhcpc/resolv.conf to /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX/etc/dhcpc/resolv.conf
* Also change smb.conf to your MS group if you want smbd support (MSHOME is XP Home ed. usually, and WORKGROUP is 9x Windows.
* check your chrooted internet connection : ping google.com
* Update your package list with apt-get update
* Now you can change stuff.
* Warning: apt-get upgrade is a BAD IDEA. It will, quite probably, render your KNOPPIX remaster unbootable, or broken in some way. A far safer method is to only upgrade packages as necessary
o Before you can add stuff, you will probably need to remove some packages. To get a list of packages installed, type this:
+ dpkg-query -l
o If you want that list sorted by size (this way you can get rid of the biggies), type this:
+ dpkg-query -W --showformat='${Installed-Size} ${Package}\n' | sort -n
o To remove a package (and all packages dependant on it), type this:
+ apt-get remove <name-of-package-to-remove>
o To check for orphaned packages, type this:
+ deborphan
o Want to save more space by getting rid of those pesky orphans (how cruel!), type this (Warning, you won't be prompted yes/no to remove these packages. When you press Enter after this command, those packages will be gone):
+ deborphan | xargs apt-get -y remove
o If you're uncertain about the previous command and want to see what will happen without making any changes, just add the -s option to the apt-get command like this (you can do this with all of the apt-get commands, and it's a good habit to use this option before mass operations like this one):
+ deborphan | xargs apt-get -s -y remove
o Now the good stuff. If you wish to add a package, type this:
+ apt-get install <name-of-package-to-install>
o What, don't know what packages to install? Type this. When the list appears, you can peruse (over 13k lines!) or search for things using /<search-term>:
+ apt-cache search .* | sort | less
o When you're done removing and adding packages, a good way to clean up is by typing this:
+ COLUMNS=200 dpkg -l |grep ^rc |awk '{print $2} ' | xargs dpkg -P
o Also, because the Debian package system keeps a cache of downloaded packages, you may want to run the following to clear out those spare files:
+ apt-get clean
o user settings are in /etc/skel
o tip: don't put files in /root they will be only available (at runtime) in /KNOPPIX/root
* Unmount /proc - very important! umount /proc
* Press CTRL+D to leave being chrooted.
Notes :
When testing X-based programs, you will have to export DISPLAY=localhost:0.0
When you want to autorun some programs, one can create a script and put it in the directory /etc/rc5.d/ (This only loads items before X loads)
interesting stuff in /etc/init.d/knoppix-autoconfig :
* The X background file is /cdrom/KNOPPIX/background.gif (in knoppix 3.4: background.jpg)
* As well as floppyconfig, there is cdromconfig which will run cdrom/KNOPPIX/knoppix.sh
interesting stuff in /etc/init.d/xsession :
* it ALSO sets background as /usr/local/lib/knoppix.gif
Now, onto creating the ISO file :
* we've finished customizing and ready to burn!
* first do some cleanup : remove .bash_history files, tmp files etc
* rm -rf /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX/.rr_moved
* Now we'll make the big KNOPPIX file which is a cloop compressed ISO 9660 filesystem : mkisofs -R -U -V "KNOPPIX.net filesystem" -P "KNOPPIX www.knoppix.net" -hide-rr-moved -cache-inodes -no-bak -pad /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX | nice -5 /usr/bin/create_compressed_fs - 65536 > /mnt/hda1/knx/master/KNOPPIX/KNOPPIX
the "www.knoppix.net" and "Knoppix.net filesystem" can be changed to what you want to call the file. You will get an error that it doesn't conform to ISO standards, you can ignore this.
In Knoppix 3.4 the create_compressed_fs script has been updated so be sure to use it to obtain the best result. It has a new option -b (best), which enables the best compression by using different compression schemes and tries to optimize that way, but be careful, because that option is slow (10x slower).
* if all went well, onto making the final CD-ROM Image :
* cd /mnt/hda1/knx/master
* rm -f KNOPPIX/md5sums; find -type f -not -name md5sums -not -name boot.cat -not -name isolinux.bin -exec md5sum {} \; >> KNOPPIX/md5sums (this will update the md5 hashes of the files included in the ISO, used for integrity checking)
* for Knoppix <= 3.3: mkisofs -pad -l -r -J -v -V "KNOPPIX" -b KNOPPIX/boot.img -c KNOPPIX/boot.cat -hide-rr-moved -o /mnt/hda1/knx/knoppix.iso /mnt/hda1/knx/master (the ISO is stored in /mnt/hda1/knx/knoppix.iso)
* For Knoppix >= 3.4 or other isolinux based distributions do:
mkisofs -pad -l -r -J -v -V "KNOPPIX" -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table -b boot/isolinux/isolinux.bin -c boot/isolinux/boot.cat -hide-rr-moved -o /mnt/hda1/knx/knoppix.iso /mnt/hda1/knx/master (the ISO is stored in /mnt/hda1/knx/knoppix.iso)
* all done!
Tips
If you are looking for big installed packages then the command
dpkg-awk "Status: .* installed$" -- Package Installed-Size | \
awk '{print $2}' | egrep -v '^$' | xargs -n2 echo | \
perl -pe 's/(\S+)\s(\S+)/$2 $1/' | sort -rg
will list the packages with size in descending order. At least ten times faster is the command
dpkg-query -W --showformat='${Installed-Size} ${Package}\n' | sort -n
and you don't need dpkg-awk or awk or perl.
If you have trouble with the above sort command, try using KPackage, expanded all the trees and sorted by the size column to find big packages.
Check out the program "deborphan", it will list orphaned packages that you can remove, these packages were used by packages that are now removed.
I have had good results remastering working from the cd as root working from fluxbox. Just say "knoppix 2" at the boot prompt and it will boot you to a root prompt where you can then say "startx /usr/bin/fluxbox". I like to use the xterm unicode shell.
While working chroot doing the remastering I like to use "apt-get remove --purge pkg-name" to remove packages because before it does anything it will stop and show detials on what it is fixing to remove and let you say "yes or no".
If you don't use the above "apt-get" instructions and have a lot to cleanup and purge, here's the easy way to do it: "COLUMNS=200 dpkg -l |grep ^rc |awk '{print $2} ' >topurge". That will make a list of all removed packages to purge and then you just say "dpkg -P `cat topurge `" and your all done. "COLUMNS=200 dpkg -l |grep ^rc |awk '{print $2} ' | xargs dpkg -P" is a one-line version of this. Also use "deborphan >orphaned" then "dpkg -P `cat orphaned `". "deborphan | xargs dpkg -P " is a one line version for that.
Thats it. This is an updated version of my previous howto. This is not meant for linux beginners, you will need to know your way around linux to get this to work. I'll update this as corrections/improvements/etc come through.
Thanks to aay, charan, Tech2k, and #knoppix for some corrections and tips and ideas. Feel free to edit or add to this howto. Note about swap:
You don't really need 1G swap as there are two new tools to create compressed filesystems. Here are some candidates to make_compressed_fs:
* Valentijn's rewrite httphttp://projects.openoffice.nl/downloads/compressloop/
* Quozl's port of compressloop for Knoppix 3.4 httphttp://quozl.linux.org.au/compressloop-1.9-64bit.c
* Quozl's distributed compressloop (use more than one processor to speed things up) httphttp://quozl.linux.org.au/knoppix/compressloop/ or httphttp://quozl.netrek.org/knoppix/compressloop/
* Justin's patch httphttp://s.bouncybouncy.net/~justin/code/ (link broken) I also just wrote a distributed cloop compressor(or for smp) It's in that same directory.
Tip, test cd-image without recording cd
If you have a spare partition with at least 700MB free space formatted with ext2, ext3 or Vfat, you can use this for test by booting from a floppy disk. A floppy boot will look for a partiton with /KNOPPIX/ in the root, and the compressed image /KNOPPIX/KNOPPIX. Instead of using the sub-directory /mnt/hda1/knx/master/KNOPPIX/ as described above, it should be called /mnt/hda2/KNOPPIX/ . The root index.html will then be located at /mnt/hda2/index.html and the compressed image will be at /mnt/hda2/KNOPPIX/KNOPPIX . Now you can boot from floppy and use /mnt/hda2 as your image. For further information see HdBasedHowTo.
If you don't have an extra partition or you don't want to do so much for it, you can use Qemu ( see httphttp://fabrice.bellard.free.fr/qemu/ ) with the ISO image like this: qemu -m 128 -cdrom /temp/knoppix-custom.iso -boot d -user-net You even do not have to build a hard disk image before, just install Qemu and try this. Amazing!
Booting Knoppix images with GRUB
* First copy /boot of the Knoppix cd to your boot partition (or even your dos partition). I named mine boot.knoppix
* Copy the /KNOPPIX directory to your *root directory* of any hard disk. You may place it somewhere other than the boot partition. (ext2/3, reiserfs, vfat are supported)
* put the following in your /boot/grub/menu.lst:
title KNOPPIX
root (hd0,0)
kernel /boot.knoppix/vmlinuz 2 fromhd=/dev/hda4 lang=us
initrd /boot.knoppix/miniroot.gz
* notice the fromhd parameter: it's the location of the /KNOPPIX directory
* reboot and have fun.
If my howto is too confusing, or you'd like a second opinion, check out charan's very nice remastering howto : httphttp://gnubox.dyndns.org:8080/~sunil/knoppix.php . Another Howto is at httphttp://www.stirnimann.com/mystuff/doc/knoppix.txt
There is a wizard, which knows all the unpacking, compressing and CD-recording steps mentioned here. It also shows a shell where you can update the uncompressed KNOPPIX system using debian's standard software installation tools. It is called mmkcdrom and part of the plugscript package: httphttp://rcswww.urz.tu-dresden.de/~holzhey/plugscript
Yet another HOWTO, for shell freaks, is at httphttp://quozl.linux.org.au/knoppix/
Be sure to check out the httpKnoppix Customization Forum for ideas and help with remastering.
This is the recommended directory layout for remastering KNOPPIX:
. (invoke ../remaster from here)
|-- master (invoke ../../umountbootimage from here)
| |-- KNOPPIX
| | |-- KNOPPIX (compressed image)
| | |-- boot.img (boot floppy image)
| | `-- (other files snipped)
| `-- index.html
`-- source
`-- KNOPPIX (this directory can be chrooted into)
|-- bin
|-- boot
|-- cdrom
|-- dev
|-- etc
|-- floppy
|-- home
|-- initrd
|-- lib
|-- mnt
|-- none
|-- opt
|-- proc
|-- root
|-- sbin
|-- tmp -> /var/tmp
|-- usr
|-- var
`-- vmlinuz -> boot/vmlinuz-2.4.22-xfs
the following script "remaster" will do the remaster process for you. Use as root, or you will end up with wrong access rights in the image.
The script has last been tried out on Debian sid on 2004-04-02.
#!/bin/bash -x
# This script builds a new KNOPPIX ISO image.
# Copyright (C) 2004 by Marc Haber <mh+knoppix-remaster@zugschlus.de>
# License: GPL V2
ROOT="$PWD"
SOURCE="$ROOT/source/KNOPPIX"
MASTER="$ROOT/master"
CLOOPTARGET="$ROOT/master/KNOPPIX/KNOPPIX"
TARGET="$ROOT"
EXCLUDELIST="$ROOT/source/excludelist"
rm -rf $SOURCE/.rr_moved
cd $SOURCE
mkisofs -R -U -V "KNOPPIX.net filesystem" \
-P "KNOPPIX www.knoppix.net" \
-hide-rr-moved -cache-inodes -no-bak -pad \
-exclude-list $EXCLUDELIST \
. | nice -5 /usr/bin/create_compressed_fs - 65536 > $CLOOPTARGET
cd $MASTER
rm -f KNOPPIX/md5sums
find -type f -not -name md5sums -not -name boot.cat -exec md5sum {} \; >> KNOPPIX/md5sums
mkisofs -pad -l -r -J -v -V "KNOPPIX" -b KNOPPIX/boot.img \
-c KNOPPIX/boot.cat -hide-rr-moved -o $TARGET/knoppix.iso $MASTER
The following script will loop-mount boot floppy image and initrd image for modification. The umount function will build a new initrd image and put it back on the boot floppy image.
The script has last been tried out on Debian sid on 2004-01-13.
#!/bin/bash -x
# This script will loop-mount boot floppy and initrd image
# Copyright (C) 2004 by Marc Haber <mh+knoppix-remaster@zugschlus.de>
# License: GPL V2
unset CDPATH || true
# if not root, re-invoke self as root
if ?"`id -u`" -ne 0; then
export LOCUSER="$USER"
export LOCHOME="$HOME"
if ?"${SHELLOPTS/xtrace/}" != "$SHELLOPTS"; then
sudo bash -x $0 $@
exit $?
else
sudo $0 $@
exit $?
fi
else
LOCUSER="${LOCUSER:-$USER}"
LOCHOME="${LOCHOME:-$HOME}"
fi
set -e
KNOPPIXDIR="KNOPPIX"
BOOTIMGFILE="$KNOPPIXDIR/boot.img"
BOOTIMGFS="vfat"
BOOTIMGDIR="boot.img"
INITRDGZ="$BOOTIMGDIR/miniroot.gz"
INITRDFILE="$KNOPPIXDIR/miniroot"
INITRDFS="ext2"
INITRDDIR="miniroot"
mountbootimage() {
if ! modprobe loop; then
echo >&2 "ERR: cannot load loop module"
exit 1
fi
if ! ?-e "$BOOTIMGFILE"; then
echo >&2 "ERR: no $BOOTIMGFILE found"
exit 1
fi
for nofile in $BOOTIMGDIR $INITRDGZ $INITRDFILE $INITRDDIR; do
if ?-e "$nofile"; then
echo >&2 "ERR: $nofile already exists"
exit 1
fi
done
mkdir -p $BOOTIMGDIR
mount -o loop,uid=$LOCUSER -t $BOOTIMGFS $BOOTIMGFILE $BOOTIMGDIR
< $INITRDGZ gunzip > $INITRDFILE
mkdir -p $INITRDDIR
mount -o loop -t $INITRDFS $INITRDFILE $INITRDDIR
}
umountbootimage() {
dd if=/dev/zero of=$INITRDDIR/nullfile || true
sync
rm $INITRDDIR/nullfile
umount $INITRDDIR
rmdir $INITRDDIR
< $INITRDFILE gzip --best > $INITRDGZ
rm -f $INITRDFILE
umount $BOOTIMGDIR
rmdir $BOOTIMGDIR
syslinux KNOPPIX/boot.img
}
case "`basename $0`" in
mountbootimage)
mountbootimage
;;
umountbootimage)
umountbootimage
;;
*)
echo >&2 "ERR: called with unknown name `basename $0`"
exit 1
;;
esac
Last edited on November 12, 2004 10:37 am. |
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