SuSE用户手册中术语表

lians · 发表于 2003-5-31 13:48:54

希望能借助新版的开通，把一些linux下的术语的翻译搞定（俺英语太烂，正卡着呢）！

术语表
account
See access permissions.
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
Transmission procedure that transmits data about one hundred times faster than ISDN in the telephone
network.
AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)
A high-speed slot for graphics cards based on PCI, but offering a larger bandwidth. Furthermore, AGP
graphics cards can revert directly (without routing around the processor) to the Random Access
Memory and main memory, in contrast to PCI models, to swap graphics data there.
main memory
Physical memory of limited capacity that can be accessed rather quickly. This is often referred to
as RAM, Random Access Memory.
ATAPI (Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface)
ATAPI is a type of CD-ROM drive that is connected to an (E)IDE controller. Apart from ATAPI drives,
there are SCSI CD-ROM drives, handled by a SCSI controller, and proprietary CD-ROM drives that use
their own controller or are connected to a sound card.
backup
A backup is a duplicate of data used to restore data that has been damaged or lost. Backups should
be done regularly, especially the important files.
bandwidth
Maximum load capacity of a data channel.
user account
See access permissions.
user directory
See home directory.
operating system
Program that permanently runs in the background on a computer and enables basic system operations.
BIOS
Small component responsible for the initialization of important hardware processes. This essential
procedure is complete when the boot menu appears on the screen.
booting
The sequence of computer operations from power-up until the system is ready for use.
browser
Program that searches and displays contents. Today it is mostly used for programs that graphically
display contents of World Wide Web pages.
cache
In relation to the main memory, it is rather small, but still a fast memory buffer. For example,
open files are saved to the cache to spare the hard disk next time the file is loaded.
client
Workstation in a computer network operated by a server.
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
Processor.
cursor
The cursor is normally a block character that marks the place for input on a computer screen. This
term also often refers to the symbol representing the location of the mouse in graphical interfaces.
daemon
A daemon Disk and execution monitor is a program that monitors in the background and comes into
action when required. Such daemons answer FTP or HTTP requests, for example, or control activity in
the PCMCIA slots.
file system
A file system is a system for structuring files. There are many file systems available, which differ
(sometimes quite extremely) in performance and power.
DDC (Direct Display Channel)
Communication standard between the monitor and the graphics card, which transmits various
parameters, such as monitor name or resolution, to the graphics card.
DNS (Domain Name System)
A system that converts name-based addresses to TCP/IP addresses and vice versa.
e-mail (electronic mail)
The means of transporting mail electronically between registered users via a network. As with normal
mail (often referred to as snail mail), the address must be entered. In e-mail, it is in the form
sender@sender's-domain to recipient@recipient's-domain. E-mail not only lets you send text, but also
sound files or pictures. It has many advantages: it is inexpensive and mail usually reaches its
destination within minutes.
EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics)
Improved IDE standard that allows hard disks with a size over 512 MB.
command line
Text-based mode of operating where commands are entered at a prompt. A command line can be accessed
from within a graphical environment as well as from virtual consoles.
ethernet
Popular standard for less expansive computer networks.
EXT2 (Second Extended File System)
EXT2 is the default file system used by Linux.
FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)
Common reference to documents answering typical questions.
window manager
A window manager is the layer that interacts between the X Window System and the user. It is
responsible, among other things, for your desktop display. There is a wide variety of window
managers available, one of the more popular ones being kwm for KDE.
free software
See GNU.
firewall
Protects a local network or host from unauthorized access from the Internet using various security
measures.
FTP (file transfer protocol)
A protocol based on TCP/IP for transferring files.
GNU (GNU is Not Unix)
GNU is a project of the Free Software Foundation (FSF)?. Closely linked to the GNU Project is the
name of Richard Stallman (RMS). The aim of the GNU Project is to create a free Unix-compatible
operating system — free not so much in the sense of free of cost, but in the sense of freedom:
having the right to obtain, modify, and change the software. To guarantee the freedom of the source
code (the actual program code), every change of the original code must be free as well, so
modifications of or additions to the original software cannot compromise this freedom in any way.
The now classic GNU Manifesto ([url]http://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html[/url]) explains many aspects of this
thinking. In legal terms, GNU software is protected by the GNU General Public License, or GPL
([url]http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html[/url]), and by the GNU Lesser General Public License, or LGPL
([url]http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lgpl.html[/url]).
In connection with the GNU Project, all Unix tools and utilities are being redeveloped and, in part,
provided with more or enhanced functionalities. Even complex software systems, such as Emacs or
glibc, are integral components of the Project.
The Linux kernel, subject to the GPL, profits from this Project (especially from the tools), but
should not be seen as the same thing.
GPL (GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE)
See GNU.
home directory
Your own private directory in the Linux file system. This belongs to a specific user (usually in
/home/<username>). Except the superuser root, only the user has full access rights in his home
directory.
host name
Name of a machine in Linux, usually the name by which it can be reached on the network.
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
The most important language used in the World Wide Web for designing the contents. The layout
commands made available by HTML define how a document looks and how it is displayed in a browser.
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
A protocol used between the browsers and Internet servers to transmit HTML pages over the World Wide
Web.
IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)
A widely-used hard disk standard in low-grade and middle-grade PCs.
IRQ (Interrupt Request)
A request to the operating system carried out by a hardware component or a program to assign it
processor capacity.
Internet
World-wide computer network based on TCP/IP, which is used by a very large population.
IP address
A numerical 32-bit Internet address, appearing in four decimal series separated by periods (for
example, 192.168.10.1), which is uniquely assigned to a machine connected to TCP/IP networks.
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
A popular digital standard for high-speed data transferral over the telephone network.
wild card
A wild card stands for one (symbol: ?) or more arbitrary characters (symbol: *).
KDE (K Desktop Environment)
A popular desktop environment for Linux. KDE with its corresponding window manager is the default
graphical interface in SuSE Linux.
kernel
The kernel is the central core of the Linux operating system. It manages memory, contains the
drivers that enable communication with the hardware, and handles processes and tasks. Applications
run on top of the kernel.
console
Formerly synonymous with terminal. In Linux, there are severalvirtual consoles that allows the
screen to be used for several independent, parallel work sessions.
LAN (local area network)
A LAN is a local network and is usually rather small.
bookmark
A mostly personal collection of interesting web page or file references directly accessible in the
browser.
LILO (Linux Loader)
Small program installed in the boot sector of the hard disk that not only can be started by Linux,
but by other operating systems as well.
link
A link is a pointer to a file, just as widely used in the Internet as in the Linux file system. In
Linux, there is a distinction made between hard and symbolic links. While hard links refer to the
exact position in the file system, the symbolic link only points to the respective name.
Linux
High performance UNIX-like operating system core distributed freely under the GPL (GNU). The name is
an acronym (Linus's uniX) and refers to its creator, Linus Torvalds. Although the name, in a strict
sense, only refers to the kernel itself, the popular understanding of the term Linux usually entails
the entire system.
login
Authentication of a user by user name and password to gain access to a computer system or network.
logout
The procedure of closing down an interactive Linux session and getting back to the login prompt
where you enter your user name and password.
man pages
Traditional documentation for Unix systems, which can be read using the command man.
MBR (master boot record)
The first physical sector of the hard disk from which the content is loaded to the main memory and
executed by the BIOS. This code then loads either the operating system from a hard disk partition or
a more sophisticated boot loader, such as LILO.
mounting
This describes the insertion of file systems into the directory tree of the system.
multitasking
Operating systems that can invoke more than one program simultaneously are called multitasking
systems.
MP3
Very efficient compression procedure for audio files that reduces the size by a factor of ten in
contrast to an uncompressed audio file.
multiuser
Enables more than one user to work simultaneously on the same system.
network
The interconnection of several computers, accomplished normally using servers and clients.
NFS (Network File System)
A protocol for accessing a file system shared over a network.
NIS (Network Information Service)
A centralized data administration system in networks. User names and passwords can be simultaneously
managed network-wide by the NIS.
partition
Logically-independent section of a hard disk, each possibly containing different file systems. In
Windows, also known as drives.
path
Unique description of a file's position in a file system.
plug and play
Automatic hardware component configuration technology. Resources, such as IRQ and DMA, are
configured and managed separately from the system.
prompt
See command line.
protocol
Standard specifically defined for regulating communication for hardware, software, or networks.
There is a multitude of these standards. The most common examples are HTTP and FTP.
proxy
Most commonly used cache implemented by Internet providers that stores frequently requested contents
in a database to allow other machines requesting those pages to load them directly from it. This
process not only reduces the time it takes to download this information, but also conserves the
available bandwidth.
process
In Linux, started programs or executable files run as processes, often referred to as tasks.
Processes can be controlled by commands like top entered in the shell.
processor
The processor is the brain of every computer, working through and performing commands given by a
user or a program in machine language. The processor has control over the entire system and is
responsible for the actual performance of the computer.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
See main memory.
root
The user undertaking the configuration and maintenance of a complex computer system, such as a
network. This system administrator is usually the only person who has access to all parts of the
system (root permissions).
SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface)
Hard disk standard implemented in servers and other high-level machines because of its high-speed
performance. See server.
server
A server is usually a rather powerful computer that offers services, such as HTTP, DNS, and FTP, or
data to other machines connected via a network. There are also programs called servers, like the X
server.
shell
An especially flexible command line often equipped with its own specific programming language.
Examples of shells are Bash, sh, and tcsh.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
Protocol for transferring e-mails.
SSL (Secure Socket Layer)
Encryption procedure for transferring HTTP data.
superuser
See root.
system administrator
See root
task
See process.
TCP/IP
Internet communication protocol finding increased use in local networks, known as intranets.
telnet
Telnet is the protocol and command for communicating with other hosts. Normally, the user only sees
telnet as a means for logging into a remote system.
terminal
Previously, a keyboard and monitor combination connected to a central computer. This combination,
when connected to a multiuser machine, does not have its own computing power. This term is also used
to describe programs that emulate an actual terminal.
driver
A program between the operating system and the hardware that translates the communication between
these two layers.
environment
A shell usually provides an environment in which the user can perform temporary settings. These
settings include path specifications for programs, the user name, the current path, and the
appearance of prompts. The data is saved in an environment variable. The assignment of the
environment variables is possible, for example, by means of the configuration files of the shell.
environment variable
A position in the environment of the shell. Every environment variable has a name that is usually
capitalized. The variables are assigned values, such as path names.
UNIX
UNIX is an operating system that is widely distributed, above all on workstations in networks. Since
the beginning of the 1990s, there has been a freely available version for PCs: Linux.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
Unique Internet address that contains the type (e.g., [url]http://[/url]) and the name of the host (e.g., [url]www.suse.de[/url]).
directory
Directories make up the structure of a file system. A directory lists file and directory names.
VESA (Video Electronics Standard Association)
Industrial consortium that defines, among other things, important video standards.
wild cards
Placeholder for one (symbol: ?) or more (symbol: *) unknown characters, most often used in commands
(especially search commands).
root directory
The base directory of the file system that does not have any parent directory (all other directories
have a parent directory). In UNIX?, the root directory is represented as a /.
WWW (World Wide Web)
Based on the HTTP protocol, this is a hyperlinked collection of documents, files, and images that
can be viewed with a web browser.
X11
See X Window System.
X Window System
The X Window System is the standard for graphical interfaces in Linux. It is simply the middle layer
between the hardware and the window manager, such as KDE or GNOME.
YP
See NIS.
access permissions
The account is defined by the user name or login name and the password. The access permissions are
generally set by the system administrator. The access permissions define to which user group the new
user is assigned and the resulting permissions.

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